What Are Pie Charts and Why Are They Useful

One of the most common ways to represent data graphically is a pie chart. It gets its name by how it looks: a circular pie that has been cut into several slices. This kind of graph is helpful when graphing qualitative data, where the information describes a trait or attribute and is not numerical. Each trait corresponds to a different slice of the pie. By looking at all of the pie pieces, you can compare how much of the data fits in each category. The larger a category, the bigger its pie piece will be. Big or Small Slices? How do we know how large to make a pie piece? First, we need to calculate a percentage. Ask what percent of the data is represented by a given category. Divide the number of elements in this category by the total number. We then convert this decimal into a percentage. A pie is a circle. Our pie piece, representing a given category, is a portion of the circle. Because a circle has 360 degrees all the way around, we need to multiply 360 by our percentage. This gives us the measure of the angle that our pie piece should have. Using a Pie Chart in Statistics To illustrate the above, let’s think about the following example. In a cafeteria of 100 third graders, a teacher looks at the eye color of each student and records it. After all 100 students are examined, the results show that 60 students have brown eyes, 25 have blue eyes and 15 have hazel eyes. The slice of pie for brown eyes needs to be the largest. And it needs to be over twice as large as the slice of pie for blue eyes. To say exactly how large it should be, first find out what percent of the students have brown eyes. This is found by dividing the number of brown-eyed students by the total number of students and converting to a percent. The calculation is 60/100 x 100 percent 60 percent. Now we find 60 percent of 360 degrees, or .60 x 360 216 degrees. This reflex angle is what we need for our brown pie piece. Next look at the slice of pie for blue eyes. Since there are a total of 25 students with blue eyes out of a total of 100, this means that this trait accounts for 25/100x100 percent 25 percent of the students. One quarter, or 25 percent of 360 degrees, is 90 degrees (a right angle). The angle for the pie piece representing the hazel-eyed students can be found in two ways. The first is to follow the same procedure as the last two pieces. The easier way is to notice that there are only three categories of data, and we have accounted for two already. The remainder of the pie corresponds to the students with hazel eyes. Limitations of Pie Charts Pie charts are to be used with qualitative data. However, there are some limitations to using them. If there are too many categories, then there will be a multitude of pie pieces. Some of these are likely to be very skinny and can be difficult to compare to one another. If we want to compare different categories that are close in size, a pie chart does not always help us to do this. If one slice has a central angle of 30 degrees, and another has a central angle of 29 degrees, then it would be very hard to tell at a glance which pie piece is larger than the other.

The Korean War - 1641 Words

During the times of the 1950’s the whole world was in a state of unrest, the downfall of Hitler in Europe had left an enormous swath of land that was half occupied by the allies and half occupied by the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) which were communist. On the other side of the world in the pacific theater Japan had succumbed to the force of the United States and was defeated leaving all their conquered territory up for grabs. A specific region of interest that was given up by Japan were the Koreas which were divided into two countries that we know today as North Korea and South Korea. Conflicts erupted between both the communist north and the capitalist south, North Korea invaded South Korea and the United States had to step†¦show more content†¦In North Korea, communism ruled supreme in government and in South Korea a more capitalist approach was prevalent in their government. . The spread of communism didn’t stop and kept its march downward thro ugh the peninsula at a steady pace. â€Å"On June 25th, 1950 75,000 North Korean troops poured into South Korea which kick started the beginning of the Korean War. This lead to a civil war between North and South Korea which was soon brought to international attention when the U.S. came to the aid of South Korea and the Peoples republic of China (PRC) came to the aid of North Korea.†1 The United States agreed that the spread of communism should not be allowed to continue its advance into South Korea, arriving to the decision that military action would be required. The Americans knew that the invasion of South Korea by North Korea was just a mask of the advance of communism into the region. â€Å"In July, just a few months after the wars beginning American troops landed in South Korea to help stop the invading force of North Koreans.†2 The North Korean invasion came as an alarming surprise to American officials. As far as they were concerned, this was not simply a borde r dispute between two unstable dictatorships on the other side of the globe. Instead, many feared it was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world. It was because of this reason that

Leadership in a Hotel Industry -.com

Question: Disucss about the importance of Leadership and Motivation in a Hotel Industry. Answer: The Importance Of Leadership And Motivation In A Hotel Industry Leadership and motivation are major pillars in modern age where marketing an industry and maintaining customers has been the major challenge. Motivation of both the employees and customers is a factor that the management of any institution tries to their level best to control or keep in check. Team motivation is critical since it causes change of parameters that are in control. (Burke and Barron, 2014). Leaders need to focus on productivity and connect with employees to draw talented results of their performance. (Schoemaker, Krupp and Howland , 2013). Leadership of institutions has put aside large monies to cater for motivation but in due cause no fruitful result. The work majors on relationship between leadership and motivation of employees and major role of leadership towards motivation in hotel industry. Research Philosophy It is defined by research paradigm that is a broad framework which includes beliefs, perceptions and understanding of several theories and way to carry out research (Cohen, L. Manison, L and Morrison, K.R.B,(2007)). These give the guideline on how the research will be conducted. Realism philosophy mainly concentrates in the reality and beliefs that are already exist in the environment. (McMurray, Pace and Scott 2004) Critical realism argues on experiences of a situation (Sekaran and Bougie 2010) In the hotel industry is one of the most dependent labour forces that dependent on the number of hours employees work. In this industry everything is dependent on staff from preparation to services to customers. How well all these services and works are done depends on the management of the workers. Those in the management of the members of staff hold the success or failure of the industry. (Miller, Walker Drummond, 2007) Current management tends to use better ways instead of power tactics of the past. The power tactic has proved to counterproductive. The motivating of workers has given the best outcome (Manning Curtis, 2009) Interpersonal skill of guest and staff in the hotel industry is also very important trait in leadership. Listenining, questioning, negotiating and interacting with stakeholders of hotel industrial is crucial. (Eikenberry, K., 2007) Previous researches have shown that the leadership style in the hotel industry is a key factor in the success of management of the employees. The style of leadership in which motivation is a pillar has a scope of discussion. Ambrose and Kulik (1999: 232) describe how work motivation can be measured using both attitudinal (e.g. job satisfaction) and behavioural (e.g. job performance) measures. This research employs both attitudinal (job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and work meaning) and behavioural measures of work motivation Data Collection Methods The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. According to Polit and Beck (2010), this design necessitates a more economical collection of data at one point in time and is fundamental in objective analysis due to timing similarity. In the hotel industry, the research uses experimental methods to test the influence of motivation among the employees in the industry. All the data used included primary. Direct observation is used to collect primary data. Data collection was based on the research questions (Sekaran Bougie, 2013.) In the research topic depends on who, how, when thus is finding out the role of leadership and the management then the study is descriptive (Cooper and Schindler, 2011) According to Sekaran and Bougie (2013) the descriptive studies help the researcher to: 1)have enough understand the characteristics of a group under study which are employees and leaders in the hotel industry 2) In a given order think about aspects in a given situation 3) forecast on future scope of research to be undertaken and 4) critical in making decision. The study undertakes survey with the objectives of measuring the attitudes, opinions, knowledge, behaviours and awareness both inside and outside the organization (Zikmund, Babin, Carr Griffin, 2010). In the process of data collection and making use of survey gives control over the whole research process and after the sampling process the outcomes serve as the representative of population, (Neuman, W. L., 2014). Population is defined as a group of objects or persons that are under study for statistical purpose (Collis Hussey, 2009). The population consists of both managerial and non-managerial staffs. Departments including finance, human resources, housekeeping and food and beverages (kitchen service). The population is heterogeneous in nature that is it involves different groups. The nature of population being heterogeneous in nature in order to apply single random sampling, the data first is divided into homogeneous groups of managerial and non-managerial using stratified sampling method. A simple random sampling technique was used since all the elements in the population have equal chances of being selected (Cooper Schindler, 2011). The population under study includes different departments and thus considered as strata. Simple random sampling involves one selecting a sample at random in the sampling frame using random tables, a computer random number generator (Saunders et. al., 2009). A questionnaire is the data collection technique that survey uses (Quinlan, 2011). The descriptive design serves the research as it investigates the role of leadership and motivation and performance. A principle about a sample is that the smaller the population is that larger the sample should be to give more accurate outcomes (Quinlan, 2011). According to Zikmund et. al ( 2010) the sample should consider the variance of the population that is heterogeneity, the acceptable error of study and finally the confidence interval. Data Analysis Technique The data that will be collected will be analyzed using the descriptive methodology since the most prevailing question how the management and motivation affects job outcome. In the analysis the data is prepared by editing, coding and entry in the statistical software to ensure the appropriateness for the analysis (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). Data coding is the process of assigning a particular response with number with a given database (Sekaran Bougie, 2013). Descriptive statistics catered measures of tendency including the mean, median and mode. Frequencies were obtained and presentation made on chart, tables, and graphs and cross tabulation. Inferential analysis was used to make conclusions of the sample that forecasted the population (Quinlan, 2011). The binary logistic model was used to give the leadership styles and motivation of the workers. Motivation can be discussed in three dimensions of due to how rewarding will be done, efforts will result by rewarding and profitability of rewarding (Newstrom, 2011). Sekaran and Bougie (2013) notes the challenges that can be faced by researchers attempting to administer respondent-completed surveys within organizations as opposed to surveys of individuals or households. The software for analysis that coding was coded in and analysis was done in statistical software for social sciences (SPSS). Ethic Issues The fundamental issues that any business must face are integrity and trust. The hotel industry have the responsibility to develop codes of conduct and ethics that ever member of any organization should follow to the letter. In the research consist of three levels of ethics which can be review as self, group and future ethics. The members of staff that include all workers and the leadership departments, the discipline of time management, etiquette to other workers and customers is very essential for growth and development of industry. The services provided by the workers in the hotel industry should ensure that acceptable to customers and also ethical. Dress code should be neat and acceptable, (Tashakkori C. Teddlie, 2003). These are the ethics that govern even the management in the organization. The leaders should observe them to the letter. These ethics are important in decision making in the industry. The society also has the role it majors in the ethics of the industry. In the hotel industry some of the beverages that are in use should be designated for certain groups, (Metz, E. C., Youniss, J, 2004). Due to ethical factors leaders and workers must be prepared to work under changing conditions. They should also learn to acquire adaptation and work in changing conditions (Eikenberry, 2007). References: Ambrose, M.L., Kulik, C.T. (1999). Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25, 231-292 Burke, R. and Barron, S. (n.d.). Project management leadership Brooks, I. (2009). Organisational Behaviour, Individuals, Groups and Organisation. 4thed. Essex, ENG: Pearson Education Limited. Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., Ter Weel, B. (2008). The economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, 43(4), 972-1059 Campbell, J.L. (2007) Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.946967. Cooper, R. D. Schindler, S. P. (2011). Business Research Methods. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2009) Business research: a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students 3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cooper, C. L. Starbuck, W. H. (2005). Work and Workers. Vol.1. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd. Quinlan, C. (2011). Business Research Methods. Hampshire, UK: Cengage Learning EMEA. Ethridge, D. (2004). Research Methodology in Applied Economics. Chicago:John Wiley Sons, pg 24. Eikenberry, K. (2007). Remarkable Leadership, Unleashing Your Leadership Potential One Skill at a Time. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass LoBiondo-Wood G. Haber J (2002). Nursing Research: Methods, Critical Appraisal and Utilization. 5th edn. Mosby. St Louis, USA. Metz, E. C., Youniss, J. (2005). Longitudinal gains in civic development through school-based required service. Political Psychology, 25, 494-511. Miller, J., Walker, J., Drummond, K. (2007) Supervision in the Hospitality Industry. (4th ed.)New Jersey:John Wiley and Sons, Inc Manning G., Curtis K. (2005) The Art of Leadership.London:McGraw-Hill McMurray, A. J.,Scott, D. R.,Pace, R. W. (2004) The relationship between organizational commitment and organizational climate in manufacturing. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(4), 473488. Newstrom J. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited: UK. Oso, W. Y. and Onen, D. (2015). A general guide to writing research proposal and reports. Makerere University Press. Kampala, Uganda. Polit D.F. and Beck C.T. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research, 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Park, H., Russell, C. Lee, J. 2007, "National culture and environmental sustainability: A cross-national analysis", Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 104-121. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. UK: John Wiley Sons Ltd Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013) Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. 6th Edition, Wiley, New York. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. Essex, ENG: Pearson Education Limited. Schoemaker, P., Krupp, S. and Howland, S., 2013. Strategic Leadership: The Essential Skills. Harvard Business Review, pp.3-5 Tashakkori C. Teddlie (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social research (pg 273-296). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage. Zikmund, W.G., B.J.Babin, J.C.Carr, M.Griffin, (2010), Business Research Methods, 8thEdition, International Edition.

Violence In School Essays - Misconduct, Behavior, Human Behavior

Violence In School http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/violence/98030001.html Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools: 1996-97 Executive Summary No matter where you are, parents want their students to be safe and secure that might even precede a quality education With drugs, gangs, and guns on the rise in many communities the threat of violence weighs heavily on most principals' minds these daysAnyone who thinks they are not vulnerable is really na?ve. (Principal Michael Durso, Springbrook High School, as quoted in the Washingtonian Magazine, September 1997). Background Recent events have again focused the nation's attention on violence in U.S. public schools, an issue that has generated public concern and directed research for more than two decades.1 Despite long-standing attention to the problem, there is a growing perception that not all public schools are safe places of learning, and media reports highlight specific school-based violent acts. The seventh goal of the National Education Goals states that by the year 2000, all schools in America will be free of drugs and violence and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol, and offer a disciplined environment that is conducive to learning. In response to this goal, the Congress passed the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1994, which provides for support of drug and violence prevention programs. As part of this legislation, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is required to collect data to determine the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of violence in e lementary and secondary schools. NCES responded to this requirement by commissioning a survey, the Principal/School Disciplinarian Survey on School Violence, 1996-97, the results of which are detailed in this report. The school violence survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1,234 regular public elementary, middle, and secondary schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the spring and summer of 1997. The survey requested information on four main topics: ? The incidence of crime and violence that occurred in public schools during the 1996-97 academic year; ? Principals' (or school disciplinarians') perceptions about the seriousness of a variety of discipline issues in their schools; ? The types of disciplinary actions schools took against students for serious offenses; and ? The kinds of security measures and violence prevention programs that were in place in public schools. The types of criminal incidents that schools were asked to report included murder, suicide, rape or other type of sexual battery, assault or fight with a weapon, robbery, assault or fight without a weapon, theft/ larceny, and vandalism. Any effort to quantify the frequency and seriousness of these crimes and violent incidents occurring in public schools will be affected by the way in which the information is collected and reported. Three important aspects of the process that were used to gather the data reported in this publication were: ? ? The survey questions asked, including how the questions were phrased, definitions applied, time span covered, and the context in which they were asked; ? The choice of survey respondent; and ? The survey sample size. The reader should keep these aspects of the survey in mind when comparing results of this particular sample survey with other studies on school crime and violence. The data reported from this study may vary from data reported elsewhere because of differences in definitions, coverage, respondents, and sample. For example, the data reported in this survey describe the number of incidents of crime, not the number of individuals involved in such incidents. It should be noted that an incident could involve more than one individual perpetrator or individual victim. Similarly, an individual perpetrator or victim could be involved in multiple incidents. Key Findings How Serious A Problem Was Crime And Violence In U.S. Public Schools In The 1996-1997 School Year? More than half of U.S. public schools reported experiencing at least one crime incident in school year 1996-97, and 1 in 10 schools reported at least one serious violent crime during that school year (table 7). ? ? Fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime/violence that were reported to the police or other law enforcement officials had occurred in their school during the 1996-97 school year. ? Ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more

The Dilemma of Childhood Obesity essays

The Dilemma of Childhood Obesity essays The purpose of this paper is to identify a current issue in lifespan development that has been of personal interest. This issue will draw many questions, concerns, identify features that are increasingly noticeable, and can hinder development in what we would consider to be normal periods of development. Childhood obesity is an issue that has been an increasing dilemma more so over the past few decades. This particular issue is of great interest to me because the adverse effects it has psychologically and I work in a school system where it is obesity is prevalent. When we talk in terms of obesity in children it can modify and create issues in the processes of biological, behavioral, and social cognitive, ethological, ecological aspects of development. How does obesity happen? How does this affect the course of childhood through adulthood? Who is responsible? Obesity is attributed to a possible lack of motivation that stems from parents, peers, and the environment in which a child lives. This sensitive issue certainly is a gradual process that occurs over time and does not happen overnight. I observe too often poor eating habits and more so now in a fast paced society where fast food has become the norm over home cooked meals. It is also important to state that with both parents or single parent homes where work is crucial, there is greater responsibility for children to make more decisions for themselves in regards to eating for there is no guidance. Schools were scrutinized more recently over the years and have modified food choices and portions that help aid in reducing the intake of food consumed by all children. This is a positive step in the right direction, but it is what lies outside the school walls that is a major contributor and is of greater concern, for it is not a consistent routine. Which leads to an important feature whi ch is limited physical activity; meaning there is no motivation to go running, biking, or just ...

Food Journal Analysis #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food Journal Analysis #1 - Essay Example As for the rest of the food, which is only 1 yoo-hoo chocolate and 1 plain milk chocolate- the former is good for the body because it provides calcium, and was also the only dairy product I ate during the day, and the latter belongs to the fats, oils and sweets group, which is permissible to eat occasionally. Seeing as how I only ate one bar, the consumption of it is also alright. B. I did not consume the minimum number of servings for each of the food groups. In fact, that was the case in four of the five groups. I had the perfect amount of fruit, 2 cups per day, and a decent amount of grain, 5.1 oz equivalent, when the recommended amount is 7. However, as far as the vegetable, milk and meat and beans groups, I miserably failed to reach the minimum amount: I had 1.3 cups equivalent of vegetables out of the 3 recommended- a bit less than a half; I had 2.1 oz equivalent out of 6 recommended- about a third; and I had 0.2 cup equivalent of milk out of 3 recommended- one-fifteenth of the recommended portion. The reasons for this are simply because I didnt have enough foods of those groups- I didnt have enough vegetables because I ate a small portion of salad; I needed to consume a little more grain, which I could have done by eating another slice of bread or perhaps a small portion of corn flakes; I didnt nearly have enough dairy products, which I could have solved by drinking another glass or too of yoo-hoo chocolate and maybe eating some cheese with the bread; and I didnt have enough meat and beans, which I could have by eating some chicken or turkey or even more fish, and perhaps some beans too. D. My diet provided a certain variety of foods. I consumed foods from all food groups, but in very different quantities. I needed to consume much more food from the milk food group, the meat and beans group and the vegetable group, as well as having a bit more of the grain group, whereas I had the perfect amount of the fruit group. This could have been solved had I

The Global Justice Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Global Justice Concept - Essay Example   The government is grounded on the concepts of fairness, equality, justice, and protection of the people's mutual interests. The government must do its share to ensure the citizens achieve their unique societal goals and objectives. The social contracts, including the United States constitution, reduce or prevent constant wars among individuals and communities. The social contracts ensure everyone will strive to comply with the contracts' provisions of justice for all stakeholders (Souryal 75).  Christian Unity Model  During John Winthrop’s sailing towards the brave new world, the Puritan religion’s Winthrop espoused his fellow ship passengers to become the beacons or guides for all humans everywhere (Gardner 106).   The New World is the current United States of America. Winthrop is a rich land owner and government officer in England. The ship was going to propagate the Christian brand of justice in the New World environment, in the other part of the world. The speech was done during his 1630 trip to New England. Winthrop's speech persuaded his fellow ship travelers to firmly establish the New England society's ecclesiastical (religious) government format.   Under the format, Winthrop convinced his fellow Christian followers to ensure the citizens of the New World will implement all religious policies or concepts. Winthrop insisted his fellow Puritan followers must establish the civil government, not the military government, within the New England community (Gardner 106).